独立主格用法详解
一、独立主格结构的形式
英语中，独立主格结构的形式有两类：一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。另一类是：介词with / without 后接名词或代词再跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。
A. 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词
1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save ev ery cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to co me tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing 分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very wor ried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如：
His cup broken, he used his bowl inst ead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be care ful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如：
The class over, we all went out to pl ay. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。 Glasses in his hand, he asked where h is glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。
B. 介词with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词 1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词
He spoke to us with his mouth full o f food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。 2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词
He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。 3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语
The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。
4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -i ng 分词 Don ’t brush your teeth with water run ning. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。 5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式 With so much work to do, the manag er felt very worried. 这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。
6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词
With the road blocked, they had to tu rn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。
二、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。
1. 作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。
The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2. 作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we ’ll go boati ng. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。 Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。
3. 作原因状语 The meeting being put off, we needn ’t hurry. 由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。
Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。 4. 作伴随状语 Mr. Li comes here, with a book in hi s hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。
A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。
独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法
独立主格结构的基本形式是“名词或代词+形容词（副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等）”。本文主要归纳“名词或代词+非谓语动词”这一结构的用法。
1. 名词或代词+不定式 其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如：
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will h ave to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is su re to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 2. 名词或代词+现在分词 其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。如：
She ran up to me, her hair flying in t he wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。 We explored the caves, Peter acting a s a guide. 由彼得作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。
We redoubled our efforts, each man w orking like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。如： Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
3. 名词或代词+过去分词 其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：
Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。
All our savings gone, we started looki ng for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开始清理房间。 She gazed, her hands clasped to her b reast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。
【现学现用】
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the r est (_________) in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things (_________), I think we ought to give the job to George. A. considered B. considering C. to c onsider D. being considered
3. The river( _________) in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to rise B. rose C. having risen D . being risen 4. More time( _________), we should have done the job much better. A. to give B. give C. being given D. given 5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather (_________). A. permets B . permitting C. to permit D. permitted 6. The monitor( _________ ) ill, we’d better put the meeting off. A. being B . to be C. been D. to have been 7. An important lecture (_________ )g iven tomorrow, the professor has to stay u p late into the night. A. to be B . being C. been D. to have been 8. He was lying on the grass, his han ds (_________ )under his head. A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing 9. Tom (_________ )late over and ov er, his boss was very disappointed. A. having been B. been C. to be D. to being
10. Other things( _________ )equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. being B . to be C. been D. having been
【参考答案】
1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA
使用独立主格结构的几点注意
1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the clas sroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了教室。
2. 不能省略being (having been) 的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being （或having been ）不能省略：
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2) 在There being ＋名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词
在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with 的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. . 独立主格结构没有所有格形式
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5. 独立主格的时态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
英语独立主格结构常见类型
独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the l ong letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with 。如：
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。