现在完成时（I） 第八单元语法知识
现在完成时的构成及句型结构：（注：过去分词的变化分规则变化与不规则变化，规则变化与动词原形变过去式一样，不规则变化见教材137页）
1.肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词 +其他+时间.
eg: I have already lost the key. 我已经弄丢了钥匙. (我现在没有钥匙)
He has ever read that book . 他曾经看过这本书. (了解书的内容)
They have just cleaned their hands. 他们刚刚洗过手了. (手是干净的)
2.否定句：主语+haven’t/ hasn’t+过去分词+其他+时间.
eg: I haven’t lost the key yet. He hasn’t ever read that book .
They haven’t just cleaned their hands. 3.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间？
肯定回答：Yes, 主语+have/ has. 否定回答：No, 主语+haven’t/hasn’t.
eg: Have you already lost the key? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
Have they just cleaned their hands? Yes, they have. No, they haven
’t.
4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词
+其他+时间？
eg: What have you already done? （done是do/does的过去分词）
What has he ever done?
What have they just done?
.
eg: She has learned English for 5 years. （她已经学习五年英语了）
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解释：一直在学，持续了五年，并且还可能持续学下去.
He has lived in Beijing since he was born . （自从他出生以后就居住在北京）
解释：从出生后就一直住在北京，持续到现在，还有可能一直住下去）
Have you stayed here since 3 o’clock? （自从3点后你就一直呆在这儿吗？） 例题：选用for和since填空:
1. We haven’t seen each other ___ a long time. 2. His father has been in the factory ____ 10 years ago.
3. The film has been on ____ 20 minutes. 4. Mr. Green has worked here _____ he came to China.
5. His grandparents have been dead _____ several years. 6. It’s five years ______ we met last time.
7.I have already had dinner. （否定） I _______ _______ dinner _______.
8. Mum has cooked the dinner. Mum _______ ________ the dinner.
9. Susan has learned English at school. Susan________ ________English at school. （提问） _______ _______ ________ _________ _______? _______ _______ _______ ________ ________? _______ _______ ________ ________ _______? _______ ________ ________ ________ ________?
eg: I have already seen the film. （现在完成时，已经看了这部电影，并且知道电影的内容）
I saw the film last week. （一般过去式，因为后面有表示过去的时间状语last week） He has lived here since 1993. (现在完成时，后面有since引导的时间状语从句)
He lived here in 1993. （一般过去时，1993年住在这儿，现在没住在这儿了） 例题：1. _____ you ________(clean) the room? Yes, we__________(do) that already.
2. When _______ you ______(do) it? We _______(do) it an hour ago.
3. ______ he ______(see) this film yet? Yes. 4. When _____ he _____(see) it? He______ it last week.
5. I _______ (read) the novel twice. It’s interesting. 6. Mr. Chen _________(give)up smoking last year.
7. She _____(go) to Pairs, hasn’t she? Yes. How ____ she ____(go) there? She ____(go) there by air. 现在完成时（II）
第九单元语法知识 2
1. (been是be的过去分词，不规则变化)
2. 基本句型：
(1)肯定句：主语+have/has+ been+ to+地点.
eg: I have been to Australia.
They have been to Beijing.
He has been to South Africa.
(2)否定句： 主语+haven’t/hasn’t+ been+ to+地点.
eg: I haven’t been to Australia.
They haven’t been to Beijing.
He hasn’t been to South Africa.
(3)一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been + to+ 地点？
肯定回答：Yes, 主语+ have/has. 否定回答：主语+haven’t/ hasn’t. eg: Have you been to Australia? Yes, I have. No. I haven’t.
Have they been to Beijing? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Has he been to South Africa? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
（4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+ 主语+ been?
eg: Where have you been?
Where have they been?
Where has he been?
3.用法：用来表示之前已经发生和完成度的动作与状态，其结果却和现在有联系.动作和结果发生在过去，但它的影响现在还在.可以和never, ever, once, twice, three/four…times 等副词连用.
eg: They have been to Chongqing twice.
I have never been to Sichuan.
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Has she ever been to Hainan?
10分钟了。
例题：1.—Where is your brother?—He __________ the shop. He’ll be back soon.
2. — _____ you ever _______ to America?—Yes, I _______ New York twice.
3. —David ___________ Australia. —I’m sure he has already arrived.
4. —Is Benny here?—No, he ______ the school library. He left five minutes ago.
4. Mike and his parents __________ the south for half a year.
6. Mum is not at home now. she _________ the shop.
7. You can’t find him. He__________ Xi’an.
8. Mr. Zhang __________ this school for ten years. He knows everyone here.
9. Miss. Brown __________ China three times.
10. I __________ the West lake, Look, I have taken many photos of it .
11. Tom ___________ Jim’s home, but he hasn’t come back.
12. We ____________ the bookshop and bought many books.
13. My parents _________ Shandong for ten years.
现在完成时（III） 第十单元语法知识
4 动词按其动作发生的方式，发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
1. eg: learn, work, stand, lie, walk, sleep, keep, wait, watch, sing, read, stay, live…
eg: He has lived here for 6 years.
（他在这儿住了六年了，一直住在这儿，live是延续性动词，并且很有可能继续居住下去）
I have known her since then. （自从那时起我就认识她了，一直都认识，know是延续性动词）
eg: open, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, die…
非延续性动词不能与for 和 since 引导的时间状语连用，常用的时间状语有 two years eg: His grandmother died 10 years ago.
She finished the work at 6 o’clock.
2. （1）. 转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态
eg: borrow → keep buy → have put on → wear
get to know → know get to sleep → sleep catch a cold → have a cold
eg: begin/start → be on go out → be out die → be dead
open → be open get to/ arrive in（at）/reach → be in+地点
leave → be away(from) finish → be over fall ill → be ill
get up → be up fall asleep → be asleep join → be in+活动/组织
go to school → be in school become → be make friends → be friends close → be closed
go to bed →
例：下面是句子的同义句转换 eg: 1. The old man died four years ago. （一般过去时）
（现在完成时，将die变为 be dead）
(现在完成时，since跟过去的时间点
)
2. I borrowed the book five days ago. 3. He bought the bike three years ago.
5
ago.
4. She went to school two days ago. 5. My sister became a nurse one year ago.
year.
year.
例题：1. Li Lei joined the Party three years ago. （同义句） Li Lei the Party three years.
Li Lei the Party three years ago.
2. My father left Guizhou last week. （同义句）
My father Guizhou a week.
My father Guizhou last week.
3. The factory opened in 1996. （同义句） The factory ten years. The factory since 1996.
4. Mr. Wang reached Beijing five days ago.
Mr. Wang Beijing five days ago.
Mr. Wang Beijing five days.
5. The film began ten minutes ago.
The film for . The film since 6. She bought the new car three years ago.
She _______ ________ the new car _______ three years.
She _______ ________ the new car ________ three years ago.
7. They came to China ten years ago.
They _____ _____ _____ China _____ ten years.
They _____ _____ _____ China _____ ten years ago.
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